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In recent years, the rise of anti-globalisation sentiments has challenged the prevailing consensus on the benefits of global economic integration. With rising trade tensions between major economies, policymakers and citizens alike grapple with the implications of a more insular global economy.

(a) Explain why anti-globalisation sentiments have gained momentum in various parts of the world, particularly in developed economies. [10]

Introduction
In recent years, anti-globalisation sentiments have surged, particularly in developed economies such as the United Kingdom, which experienced a significant political shift with its decision to leave the European Union (Brexit). These sentiments stem from concerns about income inequality, job displacement, and rising living costs, all of which have been linked to globalisation. Globalisation, defined as the freer movement of trade, labour, and capital, has fostered greater interdependence between countries, leading to both benefits and challenges. While global economic integration has facilitated economic growth, technological advancement, and increased trade, its adverse effects—particularly for certain segments of society—have led to public discontent.

Income inequality
One of the central drivers of anti-globalisation sentiments is the growing issue of income inequality, which has been particularly pronounced in countries like the UK. Globalisation’s emphasis on the free movement of labour has allowed for the inward migration of low-skilled workers, particularly from the EU to the UK, where labour mobility was unrestricted before Brexit. The influx of low-skilled workers has increased the supply of labour, shifting the labour supply curve from SS0 to SS1. This has exerted downward pressure on wages for domestic low-skilled workers, reducing wages from P0 to P1, especially in sectors such as agriculture, hospitality, and construction, where low-skilled migrants typically fill jobs.

At the same time, wages for high-skilled workers have often remained stable or even increased, as globalisation has disproportionately rewarded those in high-tech industries and finance, where skills are in demand. This divergence in wage growth between low- and high-skilled workers has exacerbated income inequality, particularly in the UK, where globalisation has benefited London’s financial sector while leaving many other regions economically disadvantaged. The growing gap between the economic fortunes of the wealthier urban elites and the working-class population in post-industrial towns fuelled resentment that was a key factor in the UK’s Brexit referendum. Anti-globalisation and anti-immigration rhetoric became intertwined, with many voters seeing the free movement of labour as detrimental to their economic well-being.

RIsing cost of living (due to inflation)
The rise of anti-globalisation sentiments in the UK was also driven by concerns about the rising cost of living, which has been exacerbated by inflationary pressures. Globalisation, through the free flow of capital, investment, and trade, has led to increased consumption and investment in developed economies. In the UK, migration boosted consumption, while foreign direct investment (FDI), particularly from EU countries, increased domestic investment. The UK’s involvement in the global economy also boosted net exports, particularly in high-value sectors such as finance and pharmaceuticals. However, the increase in consumption (C), investment (I), and net exports (X-M) caused aggregate demand (AD) to rise from AD0 to AD1, contributing to demand-pull inflation in certain sectors of the economy.

Additionally, the UK’s heavy reliance on imports, a byproduct of globalisation, has made it vulnerable to imported inflation. When other countries face supply-side shocks, such as rising commodity prices or disruptions to global supply chains, these price increases are transmitted to the UK economy. For example, higher global energy prices and disruptions to food supply chains caused inflationary pressures that increased the cost of living for ordinary citizens, particularly after the global financial crisis and during the 2010s. As the cost of essential goods such as food, fuel, and housing rose, many people in the UK felt squeezed, with stagnant wages further compounding their frustration. This economic discontent played a significant role in the rise of anti-globalisation sentiments leading up to the Brexit referendum, as many saw the EU as symbolic of the broader globalisation trends that were contributing to their financial difficulties.

Conclusion

In conclusion, anti-globalisation sentiments have gained momentum in developed economies due to the negative impacts of globalisation on income inequality and the cost of living. In the case of the UK, these sentiments were amplified by concerns about immigration, wage suppression, and the perceived loss of sovereignty, culminating in the Brexit vote. While globalisation has brought significant benefits, including access to larger markets and cheaper goods, it has also created economic divisions that have driven public dissatisfaction.